EXPERTISE NCERT | EXCEL PRELIMS | Raja Sir's Cracking IAS #IAS#IPS#UPSC2020#IASCOACHINGINCHENNAI In 1939, German scientists Otto Hahn and F. Strassman discovered that when uranium nucleus is bombarded with a neutron, it breaks up into two fragments of comparable masses with the release of energy. The process of breaking up of the nucleus of a heavier atom into two fragments with the release of large amount of energy is called nuclear fission. The fission is accompanied of the release of neutrons.
Atom bomb is based on the principle of uncontrolled fission chain reaction. Natural uranium consists of 99.28% of U 105 238 and 0.72% of U 235 Fission fragment Resonance capture . U 238 U U 238 239 Decays to Neptunium 239 and then to plutonium 239 U Slow neutron 235 Fast neutrons Moderator Slow neutrons May escape Resonance capture b y U 238 Fig 8.8 Controlled chain reaction Fission fragment fragment Fission fragment U 235 Fast neutrons Moderator Slow neutrons May escape is fissionable only by fast neutrons. Hence, it is essential in U 235 Fission fragment Resonance capture . U 238 U U 238 239 Decays to Neptunium 239 and then to plutonium 239 U Slow neutron 235 Fast neutrons Moderator Slow neutrons May escape Resonance capture b y U 238 Fig 8.8 Controlled chain reaction Fission fragment fragment Fission fragment U 235 Fast neutrons Moderator Slow neutrons May escape is fissionable only by fast neutrons. Hence, it is essential in Fission Causes fission in U 235 a bomb that either U 235 or Pu 239 should be used, because they are fissionable by neutrons of all energies.
The principle of nuclear fusion is used in hydrogen bomb. It is an explosive device to release a very large amount of energy by the fusion of light nuclei. The temperature required for the purpose of fusion is produced by fission reactions. The explosion of an atom bomb produces temperature of the order of 50 million degree Celsius. A suitable assembly of Deuteron and Triton is arranged at the sight of the explosion of the atom bomb. Favourable temperature initiates the fusion of light nuclei in an uncontrolled manner. This releases enormous amount of heat energy. Fusion is the source of stellar energy.
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